Finding Structural Information of RF Power Amplifiers using an Orthogonal Non-Parametric Kernel Smoothing Estimator

A non-parametric technique for modeling the behavior of power amplifiers is presented. The proposed technique relies on the principles of density estimation using the kernel method and is suited for use in power amplifier modeling. The proposed methodology transforms the input domain into an orthogonal memory domain. In this domain, non-parametric static functions are discovered using the kernel estimator. These orthogonal, non-parametric functions can be fitted with any desired mathematical structure, thus facilitating its implementation. Furthermore, due to the orthogonality, the non-parametric functions can be analyzed and discarded individually, which simplifies pruning basis functions and provides a tradeoff between complexity and performance. The results show that the methodology can be employed to model power amplifiers, therein yielding error performance similar to state-of-the-art parametric models. Furthermore, a parameter-efficient model structure with 6 coefficients was derived for a Doherty power amplifier, therein significantly reducing the deployment's computational complexity. Finally, the methodology can also be well exploited in digital linearization techniques.Comment: Matlab sample code (15 MB): https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/106958743/SampleMatlabKernel.zi

Utvidgat förverkande ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv

Denna rättsvetenskapliga uppsats avhandlar utvidgat förverkande enligt Brottsbalken 36:1 b. Institutet gör det möjligt att förverka egendom från brottslig verksamhet då ett förverkandeutlösande brott begåtts, under förutsättning att brottet typiskt sett är ägnat att ge utbyte. Åklagaren behöver inte knyta egendomen till ett specifikt brott utan egendomen kan förverkas om det är klart mera sannolikt att egendomen härrör från brottslig verksamhet än att så inte är fallet. Det gängse beviskravet att det ska vara ställt utom rimligt tvivel gäller således inte. Ett utvidgat förverkande kan komma i konflikt med grundläggande medborgerliga fri- och rättigheter så som äganderätten och rätten till en rättvis rättegång i artikel 6 i Europakonventionen. Uppsatsen har därför skrivits utifrån ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv. Den mest framträdande konflikten är dock förknippad med tidigare domars rättskraft

Local treatment of a bone graft by soaking in zoledronic acid inhibits bone resorption and bone formation. A bone chamber study in rats.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Bone grafts are frequently used in orthopaedic surgery. Graft remodelling is advantageous but can occur too quickly, and premature bone resorption might lead to decreased mechanical integrity of the graft. Bisphosphonates delay osteoclastic bone resorption but may also impair formation of new bone. We hypothesize that these effects are dose dependent. In the present study we evaluate different ways of applying bisphosphonates locally to the graft in a bone chamber model, and compare that with systemic treatment. METHODS: Cancellous bone grafts were placed in titanium chambers and implanted in the tibia of 50 male rats, randomly divided into five groups. The first group served as negative control and the grafts were rinsed in saline before implantation. In the second and third groups, the grafts were soaked in a zoledronic acid solution (0.5 mg/ml) for 5 seconds and 10 minutes respectively before being rinsed in saline. In the fourth group, 8 μL of zoledronic acid solution (0.5 mg/ml) was pipetted onto the freeze-dried grafts without rinsing. The fifth group served as positive control and the rats were given zoledronic acid (0.1 mg/kg) systemically as a single injection two weeks after surgery. The grafts were harvested at 6 weeks and analysed with histomorphometry, evaluating the ingrowth distance of new bone into the graft as an equivalent to the anabolic osteoblast effect and the amount (bone volume/total volume; BV/TV) of remaining bone in the remodelled graft as equivalent to the catabolic osteoclast effect. RESULTS: In all chambers, almost the entire graft had been revascularized but only partly remodelled at harvest. The ingrowth distance of new bone into the graft was lower in grafts soaked in zoledronic acid for 10 minutes compared to control (p = 0.007). In all groups receiving zoledronic acid, the BV/TV was higher compared to control. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a strong inhibitory effect on bone resorption by bisphosphonates but also a limited inhibition of the ingrowth of new bone. Local treatment at surgery resulted in stronger inhibition of both resorption and bone formation compared to systemic treatment

Leverantörs vilseledande vid offentlig upphandling - Tänkbara straffrättsliga, offentligrättsliga och civilrättsliga remedier

Occasionally when a contracting authority is about to award a public contract or conclude a framework agreement with a supplier, the supplier somehow misleads the contracting authority in order to receive the public contract or the framework agreement. Due to the rigorous regulatory system that distinguish public procurement one can expect the misleading to be a problem of greater importance than in B2B-relationships. This thesis examines different kinds of remedies and evaluates these remedies practical importance in order to counteract such misleading behaviour. It can be concluded that the misleading does not constitute a fraud, and as yet probably not even a misdemeanor fraud ("oredligt förfarande") due to the fact that the contracting authority bears the full burden of proof when it comes to the regulation of abnormally low tenders in accordance with how the swedish procurement act ("lagen om offentlig upphandling") is perceived, which affect the possible penal remedy. However, the misleading runs counter to the swedish marketing act, but in reality the act has nothing of great importance to offer in the battle of such misleading. A potentially important tool is the possibility to reject an abnormally low tender, but the effectiveness of the remedy implies that the burden of proof regarding the seriousness of the offered tender is places on the tenderer, which is not the case as of today but may be the case in the future due to the fact that four cases regarding this question is about to be examined by the Supreme court. The best way to contest any kind of misleading is probably with different kind of contractual solutions such as clauses stating liquidated damages, merger clauses and clauses stating under what premises contracts may be terminated.Med anledning av offentlig upphandling kan det emellanåt förekomma att leverantören på olika sätt vilseleder myndigheten för att på oriktig grund antingen teckna ramavtal med myndigheten eller av myndigheten erhålla ett upphandlingskontrakt. Problematiken med olika former av vilseledande får antas vara större vid offentlig upphandling än vid vanliga B2B-relationer på grund av det strikta regelverk som myndigheten har att iaktta och som återfinns i lagen om offentlig upphandling. Detta examensarbete från juristprogrammet vid Lunds universitet belyser olika remedier som myndigheten kan tillgripa mot leverantörers vilseledande samt analyserar dessa remediers praktiska betydelse för att motverka vilseledandet. Att vilseleda myndigheten utgör inte något bedrägeri, och i dagsläget knappast ett oredligt förfarande beroende på att myndigheten upphandlingsrättsligt anses ha den fulla bevisbördan för att det rör sig om ett så kallat onormalt lågt anbud enligt 12 kap. 3 § LOU, vilket i sin tur påverkar straffstadgandets tillämpbarhet. Däremot strider leverantörens vilseledande mot marknadsföringslagen och kan angripas på den grunden, men i praktiken har marknadsföringslagen ringa praktisk betydelse. Däremot är möjligheten att förkasta anbudet så som varandes onormalt lågt enligt ovan nämnt lagrum, ett potentiellt sett kraftfullt remedium, men endast om bevisbördan för att anbudet är seriöst förläggs på leverantören, något som i dagsläget inte är fallet. Mycket tyder dock på att bevisbördan kommer att ändras och förläggas på leverantören i och med att fyra mål har erhållit prövningstillstånd av Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen. Vilseledandet får anses lättast att bekämpa med olika kontraktuella lösningar så som vitesklausuler, integrationsklausuler och diverse termineringsklausuler

A Comparative Analysis of the Complexity/Accuracy Tradeoff in Power Amplifier Behavioral Models

A comparative study of state-of-the-art behavioral models for microwave power amplifiers (PAs) is presented in this paper. After establishing a proper definition for accuracy and complexity for PA behavioral models, a short description on various behavioral models is presented. The main focus of this paper is on the modeling accuracy as a function of computational complexity. Data is collected from measurements on two PAs—a general-purpose amplifier and a Doherty PA designed for WiMAX—for different output power levels. The models are characterized in terms of accuracy and complexity for both in-band and out-of-band error. The results show that, among the models studied, the generalized memory polynomial behavioral model has the best tradeoff for accuracy versus complexity for both PAs, and can obtain high performance at half of the computational cost of all other models analyzed

Patch Testing with a Textile Dye Mix in a Baseline Series in Two Countries

Disperse dyes are the most common contact sensitizers among textile dyes. The main aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of patch testing with a textile dye mix 6.6%. A total of 2,049 patients from Sweden and 497 from Belgium were tested with the mix, consisting of Disperse (D) Blue 35, D Yellow 3, D Orange 1 and 3, D Red 1 and 17, 1.0% each, and D Blue 106 and D Blue 124, 0.3% each. Of the total number, 65 patients, 2.6%, tested positively to the mix, 4.2% of the Belgian patients and 2.1% of the Swedish patients. Patch testing with the mix 6.6% revealed significantly more patients with contact allergy compared with testing with a previous mix 3.2% (p<0.01). Contact allergy to the mix was significantly more common in the Belgian than in the Swedish patients

The effect of a biphasic injectable bone substitute on the interface strength in a rabbit knee prosthesis model.

In joint prosthetic surgery, various methods are used to provide implant stability. We used an injectable bone substitute, composed of calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite, as bone defect filler to stabilize a tibia prosthesis in an experimental rabbit model. The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the stability of prosthetic fixation with and without the use of an injectable bone substitute

Total Synthesis of Phorbazole B

Phorbazoles are polychlorinated heterocyclic secondary metabolites isolated from a marine sponge and several of these natural products have shown inhibitory activity against cancer cells. In this work, a synthesis of the trichlorinated phorbazole B using late stage electrophilic chlorination was developed. The synthesis relied on the use of an oxazole precursor, which was protected with an iodine in the reactive 4-position, followed by complete chlorination of all pyrrole positions. Attempts to prepare phorbazole A and C, which contain a 3,4-dichlorinated pyrrole, were unsuccessful as the desired chlorination pattern on the pyrrole could not be obtained. The identities of the dichlorinated intermediates and products were determined using NMR techniques including NOESY/ROESY, 1,1-ADEQUATE and high-resolution CLIP-HSQMBC

Evaluation of composition and mineral structure of callus tissue in rat femoral fracture.

ABSTRACT. Callus formation is a critical step for successful fracture healing. Little is known about the molecular composition and mineral structure of the newly formed tissue in the callus. The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) to assess mineral structure of callus and cortical bone and if it could provide complementary information with the compositional analyses from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. Femurs of 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats at 9 weeks of age were fractured and fixed with an intramedullary 1.1 mm K-wire. Fractures were treated with the combinations of bone morphogenetic protein-7 and/or zoledronate. Rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks and both femurs were prepared for FTIR and SAXS analysis. Significant differences were found in the molecular composition and mineral structure between the fracture callus, fracture cortex, and control cortex. The degree of mineralization, collagen maturity, and degree of orientation of the mineral plates were lower in the callus tissue than in the cortices. The results indicate the feasibility of SAXS in the investigation of mineral structure of bone fracture callus and provide complementary information with the composition analyzed with FTIR. Moreover, this study contributes to the limited FTIR and SAXS data in the field